Fumaric acid (YMDB00101)

Identification

YMDB ID

YMDB00101

Name

Fumaric acid

Species

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Strain

Baker's yeast

Description

Fumaric acid, also known as E297 or fumarsaeure, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups. Fumaric acid is a weakly acidic compound (based on its pKa). Fumaric acid exists in all living species, ranging from bacteria to humans. Within yeast, fumaric acid participates in a number of enzymatic reactions. In particular, ubiquinol-1 and fumaric acid can be biosynthesized from succinic acid and ubiquinone-1; which is mediated by the enzyme succinate:quinone oxidoreductase. In addition, ubiquinol-1 and fumaric acid can be biosynthesized from succinic acid and ubiquinone-1; which is catalyzed by the enzyme succinate:quinone oxidoreductase. In yeast, fumaric acid is involved in the metabolic pathway called the oxidative phosphorylation pathway. Fumaric acid is a potentially toxic compound.

Structure

MOL SDF PDB SMILES InChI

Synonyms

(2E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(2E)-But-2-enedioate
(2E)-But-2-enedioic acid
(E)-2-Butenedioate
(E)-2-Butenedioic acid
(E)-2-butenedioic acid, ion(2-)
(E)-HO2CCH=CHCO2H
1, 2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
1,2-Ethenedicarboxylic acid, trans-
1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid, (E)
2-(E)-Butenedioate
2-(E)-Butenedioic acid
2-butenedioic acid
2-Butenedioic acid (E)-
2-Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Allomaleate
Allomaleic acid
Boletate
Boletic acid
Butenedioic acid, (E)-
Fumarate
Fumaric acid
Kyselina fumarova
Lichenate
Lichenic acid
sodium fumarate
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylate
trans-1,2-Ethylenedicarboxylic acid
trans-2-Butenedioate
trans-2-Butenedioic acid
trans-Butenedioate
trans-Butenedioic acid
Tumaric acid
e297
Fumarsaeure
trans-But-2-enedioic acid
(2E)-2-Butenedioate
trans-But-2-enedioate
FC 33
Furamag
Mafusol

CAS number

110-17-8

Weight

Average: 116.0722
Monoisotopic: 116.010958616

InChI Key

VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-OWOJBTEDSA-N

InChI

InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1+

IUPAC Name

(2E)-but-2-enedioic acid

Traditional IUPAC Name

fumaric acid

Chemical Formula

C₄H₄O₄

SMILES

OC(=O)\C=C\C(O)=O

Chemical Taxonomy

Description

belongs to the class of organic compounds known as dicarboxylic acids and derivatives. These are organic compounds containing exactly two carboxylic acid groups.

Kingdom

Organic compounds

Super Class

Organic acids and derivatives

Class

Carboxylic acids and derivatives

Sub Class

Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives

Direct Parent

Dicarboxylic acids and derivatives

Alternative Parents

Substituents

Fatty acyl
Fatty acid
Unsaturated fatty acid
Dicarboxylic acid or derivatives
Carboxylic acid
Organic oxygen compound
Organic oxide
Hydrocarbon derivative
Organooxygen compound
Carbonyl group
Aliphatic acyclic compound

Molecular Framework

Aliphatic acyclic compounds

External Descriptors

butenedioic acid (CHEBI:18012 )

Physical Properties

State

Solid

Charge

Melting point

549 °C

Experimental Properties

Property	Value	Reference
Water Solubility	7 mg/mL at 25 oC [US EPA (1981)]	PhysProp
LogP	0.46 [HANSCH,C ET AL. (1995)]	PhysProp

Predicted Properties

Property	Value	Source
Water Solubility	24.1 g/L	ALOGPS
logP	0.21	ALOGPS
logP	-0.041	ChemAxon
logS	-0.68	ALOGPS
pKa (Strongest Acidic)	3.55	ChemAxon
Physiological Charge	-2	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Acceptor Count	4	ChemAxon
Hydrogen Donor Count	2	ChemAxon
Polar Surface Area	74.6 Å²	ChemAxon
Rotatable Bond Count	2	ChemAxon
Refractivity	24.61 m³·mol⁻¹	ChemAxon
Polarizability	9.35 Å³	ChemAxon
Number of Rings	0	ChemAxon
Bioavailability	1	ChemAxon
Rule of Five	Yes	ChemAxon
Ghose Filter	Yes	ChemAxon
Veber's Rule	Yes	ChemAxon
MDDR-like Rule	Yes	ChemAxon

Biological Properties

Cellular Locations

Cytoplasm
Extracellular
Mitochondrion

Organoleptic Properties

Flavour/Odour	Source
Odorless	FDB003291
Sour	FDB003291

SMPDB Pathways

Citric Acid Cycle	PW000952
Citric Acid Cycle 1434561204	PW000970
Oxidative phosphorylation	PW002461
Phenylalanine metabolism	PW002437
TCA Cycle	PW002377

KEGG Pathways

Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism	ec00250
Arginine and proline metabolism	ec00330
Butanoate metabolism	ec00650
Citrate cycle (TCA cycle)	ec00020
Nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism	ec00760

SMPDB Reactions

(S)-Malic acid ↔ Fumaric acid + water

Succinic acid + Coenzyme Q10 + FAD ↔ Fumaric acid + QH2 + FADH2

L-Aspartic acid → Fumaric acid + Ammonia

Adenylsuccinic acid → Fumaric acid + Adenosine monophosphate

Argininosuccinic acid → Fumaric acid + L-Arginine

KEGG Reactions

SAICAR ↔ 5-Amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide + Fumaric acid

Adenylsuccinic acid ↔ Adenosine monophosphate + Fumaric acid

Argininosuccinic acid ↔ L-Arginine + Fumaric acid

Fumaric acid + water ↔ (S)-malate(2-)

Fumaric acid + L-Dihydroorotic acid → Orotic acid + Succinic acid

Concentrations

Intracellular Concentrations

Not Available

Extracellular Concentrations

Not Available

Spectra

Spectrum Type	Description	Splash Key	View
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-0002-2940000000-e988056514d4ce4acc27	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-0002-2960000000-a5ebaf2bbade922838ec	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-0002-2950000000-32afa4d45e0e72b174b4	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-0950000000-fe0f05c02c783d0b6f6b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Pegasus III TOF-MS system, Leco; GC 6890, Agilent Technologies) (2 TMS)	splash10-006t-9530000000-0fc03f31f09dc8dbf4c6	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS)	splash10-0002-3690000000-75089756992cdbe841e3	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-9100000000-2cf649749b42cc0c610c	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - EI-B (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0007-0890000000-b1c35cd55deb81254f66	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-2940000000-e988056514d4ce4acc27	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-2960000000-a5ebaf2bbade922838ec	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-2950000000-32afa4d45e0e72b174b4	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-0950000000-fe0f05c02c783d0b6f6b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-006t-9530000000-0fc03f31f09dc8dbf4c6	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-3690000000-75089756992cdbe841e3	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
GC-MS	GC-MS Spectrum - GC-EI-TOF (Non-derivatized)	splash10-0002-0940000000-177fdb9168659029ffaa	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-01ba-9200000000-52f88e04bac0ff8cdf17	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (2 TMS) - 70eV, Positive	splash10-00di-8920000000-06da44f348d0fe0358b3	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (Non-derivatized) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_1_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
Predicted GC-MS	Predicted GC-MS Spectrum - GC-MS (TBDMS_2_1) - 70eV, Positive	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 10V, Negative (Annotated)	splash10-00di-9100000000-57f13cd433a6fe4bf0b3	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 25V, Negative (Annotated)	splash10-0229-9600000000-cd9e2979d0bb1e2a62f2	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - Quattro_QQQ 40V, Negative (Annotated)	splash10-03k9-8900000000-dc50dbf8a50872383d54	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - EI-B (HITACHI RMU-6L) , Positive	splash10-0002-9100000000-b47e534bc82a6ed36e7c	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-04b277f233e1bd56c9af	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-03di-4900000000-99764eff7d7cb7bfaee3	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-453b921a0aaf64cfd558	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-0f6x-9000000000-cd7e7026d13bb5fe844b	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-00dj-9000000000-383c22a29e2769626c47	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-0ir3-9000000000-3013847e2e0f9bf18d29	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 30V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-9cc4f29b523ed34dc0b6	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 15V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-d9885a6093f38dd8b9fa	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 45V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-46fdee94b5a787f1b81f	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 35V, Negative	splash10-03k9-8900000000-3ff0fb725ec9dffc3688	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
LC-MS/MS	LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-014m-9000000000-394fd8f1b59c7befec9d	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-014j-9800000000-dbf34563376daeb2901f	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Positive	splash10-00xs-9200000000-113bf08cdc77707ed3ad	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Positive	splash10-00fr-9000000000-f32d7ec65e8649bc2b0a	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-014i-2900000000-408d53a9fff7acc8ca23	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-014i-6900000000-f149e9e5a34e27dd4d4e	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0fxt-9000000000-cae5f71dc27daaf17d9e	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-3d34cd791255c022876a	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 20V, Negative	splash10-00di-9000000000-55a5c43ec34fdd2cb0a4	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 40V, Negative	splash10-0uk9-9000000000-7c9639a65d534cd8ff97	JSpectraViewer
Predicted LC-MS/MS	Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum - 10V, Positive	splash10-000t-9000000000-c5eb63dc643f72e91ede	JSpectraViewer
MS	Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)	splash10-0092-9000000000-003dd2d9303272b2ebea	JSpectraViewer \| MoNA
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	13C NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
1D NMR	1H NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
2D NMR	[1H,1H] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer
2D NMR	[1H,13C] 2D NMR Spectrum	Not Available	JSpectraViewer

References

References:

UniProt Consortium (2011). "Ongoing and future developments at the Universal Protein Resource." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D214-D219.21051339
Scheer, M., Grote, A., Chang, A., Schomburg, I., Munaretto, C., Rother, M., Sohngen, C., Stelzer, M., Thiele, J., Schomburg, D. (2011). "BRENDA, the enzyme information system in 2011." Nucleic Acids Res 39:D670-D676.21062828
Herrgard, M. J., Swainston, N., Dobson, P., Dunn, W. B., Arga, K. Y., Arvas, M., Bluthgen, N., Borger, S., Costenoble, R., Heinemann, M., Hucka, M., Le Novere, N., Li, P., Liebermeister, W., Mo, M. L., Oliveira, A. P., Petranovic, D., Pettifer, S., Simeonidis, E., Smallbone, K., Spasic, I., Weichart, D., Brent, R., Broomhead, D. S., Westerhoff, H. V., Kirdar, B., Penttila, M., Klipp, E., Palsson, B. O., Sauer, U., Oliver, S. G., Mendes, P., Nielsen, J., Kell, D. B. (2008). "A consensus yeast metabolic network reconstruction obtained from a community approach to systems biology." Nat Biotechnol 26:1155-1160.18846089
Peleg, Y., Rokem, J. S., Goldberg, I., Pines, O. (1990). "Inducible overexpression of the FUM1 gene in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: localization of fumarase and efficient fumaric acid bioconversion to L-malic acid." Appl Environ Microbiol 56:2777-2783.2275532
Palmieri, L., Lasorsa, F. M., De Palma, A., Palmieri, F., Runswick, M. J., Walker, J. E. (1997). "Identification of the yeast ACR1 gene product as a succinate-fumarate transporter essential for growth on ethanol or acetate." FEBS Lett 417:114-118.9395087
Przybyla-Zawislak, B., Gadde, D. M., Ducharme, K., McCammon, M. T. (1999). "Genetic and biochemical interactions involving tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) function using a collection of mutants defective in all TCA cycle genes." Genetics 152:153-166.10224250
Nagy, M., Lacroute, F., Thomas, D. (1992). "Divergent evolution of pyrimidine biosynthesis between anaerobic and aerobic yeasts." Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 89:8966-8970.1409592
Muratsubaki, H., Enomoto, K. (1998). "One of the fumarate reductase isoenzymes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae is encoded by the OSM1 gene." Arch Biochem Biophys 352:175-181.9587404
Castrillo, J. I., Zeef, L. A., Hoyle, D. C., Zhang, N., Hayes, A., Gardner, D. C., Cornell, M. J., Petty, J., Hakes, L., Wardleworth, L., Rash, B., Brown, M., Dunn, W. B., Broadhurst, D., O'Donoghue, K., Hester, S. S., Dunkley, T. P., Hart, S. R., Swainston, N., Li, P., Gaskell, S. J., Paton, N. W., Lilley, K. S., Kell, D. B., Oliver, S. G. (2007). "Growth control of the eukaryote cell: a systems biology study in yeast." J Biol 6:4.17439666

Synthesis Reference:

Dong, Changsheng; Ma, Xinming. Method for preparation of fumaric acid from the tail gas acid spray solution from oxidation of phthalic anhydride. Faming Zhuanli Shenqing Gongkai Shuomingshu (2007), 5pp.

External Links:

Resource	Link
CHEBI ID	18012
HMDB ID	HMDB00134
Pubchem Compound ID	723
Kegg ID	C00122
ChemSpider ID	24532688
FOODB ID	FDB003291
Wikipedia	Fumaric_acid
BioCyc ID	FUM

Enzymes

Protein Details

1. Adenylosuccinate lyase

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP = fumarate + AMP
Gene Name:: ADE13
Uniprot ID:: Q05911
Molecular weight:: 54509.89844

Reactions

N(6)-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)AMP → fumarate + AMP.
(S)-2-(5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamido)succinate → fumarate + 5-amino-1-(5-phospho-D-ribosyl)imidazole-4-carboxamide.

Protein Details

2. Argininosuccinate lyase

General function:: Involved in argininosuccinate lyase activity
Specific function:: 2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate = fumarate + L-arginine
Gene Name:: ARG4
Uniprot ID:: P04076
Molecular weight:: 51988.69922

Reactions

2-(N(omega)-L-arginino)succinate → fumarate + L-arginine.

Protein Details

3. Fumarate reductase

General function:: Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:: Could be a fumarate reductase
Gene Name:: Not Available
Uniprot ID:: P32614
Molecular weight:: 50843.69922

Reactions

Succinate + NAD(+) → fumarate + NADH.

Protein Details

4. Osmotic growth protein 1

General function:: Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:: Could be a fumarate reductase
Gene Name:: OSM1
Uniprot ID:: P21375
Molecular weight:: 55064.80078

Reactions

Protein Details

5. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:: Catalytic subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). SDH1 and SDH2 form the catalytic dimer. Electrons flow from succinate to the FAD bound to SDH1, and sequentially through the iron-sulfur clusters bound to SDH2 and enter the membrane dimer formed by SDH3 and SDH4
Gene Name:: SDH1
Uniprot ID:: Q00711
Molecular weight:: 70228.79688

Reactions

Succinate + ubiquinone → fumarate + ubiquinol.

Protein Details

6. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] flavoprotein subunit 2, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in electron carrier activity
Specific function:: Probable minor catalytic subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). Probably forms a catalytic dimer with SDH2. Electrons flow from succinate to the FAD bound to the catalytic subunit, and sequentially through the iron-sulfur clusters bound to SDH2 and enter the membrane dimer formed by SDH3 and SDH4
Gene Name:: Not Available
Uniprot ID:: P47052
Molecular weight:: 69382.0

Reactions

Succinate + ubiquinone → fumarate + ubiquinol.

Protein Details

7. Succinate dehydrogenase [ubiquinone] iron-sulfur subunit, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding
Specific function:: Subunit of succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) that is involved in complex II of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and is responsible for transferring electrons from succinate to ubiquinone (coenzyme Q). SDH1 and SDH2 form the catalytic dimer. Electrons flow from succinate to the FAD bound to SDH1, and sequentially through the iron-sulfur clusters bound to SDH2 and enter the membrane dimer formed by SDH3 and SDH4
Gene Name:: SDH2
Uniprot ID:: P21801
Molecular weight:: 30230.90039

Reactions

Succinate + ubiquinone → fumarate + ubiquinol.

Protein Details

8. Fumarate hydratase, mitochondrial

General function:: Involved in fumarate hydratase activity
Specific function:: (S)-malate = fumarate + H(2)O
Gene Name:: FUM1
Uniprot ID:: P08417
Molecular weight:: 53151.5

Reactions

(S)-malate → fumarate + H(2)O.

Protein Details

9. Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase

General function:: Involved in catalytic activity
Specific function:: In the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesic pathway, catalyzes the stereospecific oxidation of (S)-dihydroorotate to orotate and the reduction of fumarate to succinate. Does not use oxaloacetate and NAD or NADP as electron acceptors
Gene Name:: URA1
Uniprot ID:: P28272
Molecular weight:: 34800.60156

Reactions

(S)-dihydroorotate + O(2) → orotate + H(2)O(2).
(S)-dihydroorotate + a quinone → orotate + a quinol

Transporters

Protein Details

1. Succinate/fumarate mitochondrial transporter

General function:: Involved in binding
Specific function:: Transports cytoplasmic succinate, derived from isocitrate by the action of isocitrate lyase in the cytosol, into the mitochondrial matrix in exchange for fumarate
Gene Name:: SFC1
Uniprot ID:: P33303
Molecular weight:: 35340.10156

Structure for #<Compound:0xa52d4cb8>

Enzymes

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Reactions

Transporters